Greek Citizen Not Born In Greece

Greek Citizen Not Born In Greece By Christos ILIOPOULOS* Athens, 14 November 2020 Greek law applies lex sanguinis (law of blood), as opposed to lex soli. Lex sanguinis or jus sanguinis, is the basic legal principle of private international law, which practically says that a person’s nationality or citizenship is determined by the citizenship of his/her parents and not by the citizenship of the country where that person was born. For example, if two Greek citizens immigrated from Greece to the United States of America, married there and gave birth in the US, to their child, that child, according to Greek private international law, is entitled to the Greek citizenship. On the contrary, Greek law also states that if two Chinese citizens give birth to their child in Greece, their child, in principle, is not entitled to the Greek citizenship. That child, Greek law provides, is entitled to the Chinese citizenship. Greece and many other countries apply lex sanguinis with regard to citizenship, because they choose to grant their citizenship even to people born outside of their boundaries, as long as at least one of the parents or grandparents is a Greek citizen. The obvious rationale of such a fundamental legal choice for a country is the determination to retain ties with its people who become immigrants in other countries. Greece saw a large number of its citizens leave the country from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970’s. Millions of Greeks immigrated to several countries, among which the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany, South Africa and many other. Greece could not afford to cut ties with its people, irrespective of whether those left the country did it for good or not. After all, the people themselves never wanted to cut their ties with motherland or Patrida. It was natural, therefore, that Greek law assumed principles and laws which essentially keep the legal ties of the plethora of immigrants and their families to their beloved country of birth. Moreover, many of the Greek immigrants dreamed to make some money in the foreign country and return to Greece, irrespective of whether this happened or not in the end. Furthermore, Greeks view family as one of the highest priorities in life, one of the most sacred things. The children of the Greek immigrants, born in the foreign countries, spoke Greek, mostly became Christian Orthodox and kept Greece in high esteem. How could all those first and second generation Greeks be denied of their Greek roots and the citizenship of their ancestors? They could not and they can’t. That is why Greek law states, in rough terms, that if a foreign-born person can prove their ancestral connection, (birth – marriage – birth with no significant name changes), to a proven Greek citizen, that person is entitled to the Greek citizenship. That translates to the right of such a foreign-born person to apply for the Greek citizenship, if he/she can prove that his/her grandparent or parent was born and is registered as a Greek citizen in Greece. There are of course terms and conditions and Greek bureaucracy makes it difficult or even (unfairly) impossible sometimes for a foreign-born person to obtain the citizenship, simply because the spelling of a name is different from one certificate to the other, or because we cannot locate the proper marriage (civil or religious) or the right birth record or certificate. We deal with such complications in other articles. Finally, connected to the rule of lex sanguinis applicable by Greek law, is the distinction existing in Greece between the birth record (Lixiarhiki Praxi Geniseos) and the birth certificate (Pistopiitiko Geniseos). The first is issued by the Greek administration for every child born in Greece, irrespective of the citizenship of its parents. Therefore, the child born in Greece, to two Chinese citizens, receives a birth record, but not a birth certificate. The birth record is evidencing the act of birth of a child, the parents’ names, date and place of birth and other data. However, since the child does not have at least one Greek parent, even if the child is born in Greece, it will only obtain a birth record and not a birth certificate. The birth certificate is granted to the child born to at least one Greek parent and the birth certificate means that the child is registered at the Demotologion, which is the main book of citizens. When the foreign-born person obtains the Greek citizenship, she/he obtains a birth certificate and is registered with the Demotologion. *Christos ILIOPOULOS, attorney at the Supreme Court of Greece , LL.M. www.greekadvocate.eu e-mail: bm-bioxoi@otenet.gr