Monday, February 22, 2010
Αποζημίωση για τραυματισμό σε τροχαίο ατύχημα
Του Χρήστου Ηλιόπουλου*
2010Κάθε χρόνο 50.000 άνθρωποι περίπου χάνονται σε αυτοκινητικά δυστυχήματα σε όλη την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Από αυτούς περίπου 2.500 αφήνουν την τελευταία τους πνοή στους ελληνικούς δρόμους, ενώ πολύ περισσότεροι είναι οι σοβαρά τραυματισμένοι, πράγμα που καθιστά την Ελλάδα μία από τις πλέον επικίνδυνες χώρες για τους οδηγούς στην Ευρώπη.
Ο υπαίτιος του τροχαίου ατυχήματος ή δυστυχήματος υποχρεούται να αποζημιώσει τον τραυματισθέντα ή την οικογένεια του θύματος, κατά το μέτρο της ευθύνης του, η οποία μπορεί να είναι πλήρης (στο 100%) ή μερική, δηλ. ένα ποσοστό ευθύνης να φέρει και το ίδιο το θύμα.
Ο ζημιωθείς σε αυτοκινητικό ατύχημα δικαιούται να αξιώσει αποζημίωση από τον υπαίτιο. Συνήθως, την αποζημίωση καλύπτει η ασφαλιστική εταιρεία του υπαιτίου.
Περιεχόμενο της αποζημιώσεως είναι όλα όσα ξόδεψε ο ζημιωθείς εξαιτίας του ατυχήματος σε ιατρούς και νοσοκομεία, σε φάρμακα και ιατρικά όργανα, σε φυσιοθεραπευτές, σε έξοδα μετακινήσεως λόγω στερήσεως της χρήσεως του αυτοκινήτου του, σε απώλεια εισοδήματος, σε αποκατάσταση καταστραφέντων αντικειμένων, αλλά και η ηθική βλάβη που υπέστη, δηλ. η σε χρήμα αποτίμηση της ταλαιπωρίας, της στεναχώριας, της απώλειας χρόνου του ζημιωθέντος, αλλά και των δυσμενών συνεπειών στο μέλλον της βλάβης της σωματικής του ακεραιότητος, που μπορεί μεν να απεκατεστάθη, αλλά κάποιες βλαπτικές συνέπειες θα συνεχίσουν να υπάρχουν και στην μελλοντική ζωή του τραυματισθέντος.
Εάν μάλιστα ο τραυματισμός προκάλεσε ιδιαίτερη αναπηρία ή βλάβη του σώματος, που θα εξακολουθεί έντονα να επηρεάζει το θύμα σε όλη την υπόλοιπη ζωή του, μπορεί να ζητηθεί και ξεχωριστή αποζημίωση για αυτόν συγκεκριμένα τον λόγο.
Εάν το δυστύχημα προκάλεσε απώλεια ζωής, τότε η οικογένεια του θύματος μπορεί να ζητήσει αποζημίωση λόγω ψυχικής οδύνης.
Ένα από τα κονδύλια που δικαιούται να ζητήσει ο ζημιωθείς είναι και όσα δαπάνησε για υπηρεσίες αποκλειστικής νοσοκόμου ή οικιακής βοηθού και όλα τα παρεμφερή, εάν εξαιτίας του ατυχήματος δεν είχε την δυνατότητα αυτοεξυπηρετήσεως για ορισμένο χρονικό διάστημα.
Πρέπει να τονισθεί ότι το κονδύλιο αυτό ο ζημιωθείς μπορεί να το ζητήσει ακόμα κι αν δεν πλήρωσε κάποια αποκλειστική νοσοκόμα ή οικιακή βοηθό, επειδή τις υπηρεσίες του τις προσέφερε το οικογενειακό περιβάλλον του (γονέας, αδελφός κλπ). Ακόμα δηλαδή κι αν ο τραυματισθείς δεν πλήρωσε τίποτα επειδή η μητέρα του (δωρεάν φυσικά) τον φρόντιζε επί μήνες, όταν ήταν στο κρεβάτι, θα μπορεί να ζητήσει από το δικαστήριο αποζημίωση αντιστοιχούσα στο ποσό που θα πλήρωνε σε αποκλειστική νοσοκόμα, εάν τις υπηρεσίες αυτές δεν του τις είχε προσφέρει η μητέρα του.
Τη νομολογία αυτή επιβεβαίωσε και η υπ’ αριθ. 522/2009 απόφαση του Αρείου Πάγου. Ο δικαιολογητικός λόγος αυτής της ρυθμίσεως είναι ότι ο υπαίτιος του ατυχήματος και η ασφαλιστική εταιρεία δεν είναι δίκαιο να γλιτώσουν χρήματα επειδή το θύμα δεν το περιέθαλψε μία αποκλειστική νοσοκόμα, αλλά η μητέρα του.
Ο Χρήστος Ηλιόπουλος είναι
Δικηγόρος παρ’ Αρείω Πάγω,
Master of Laws.
bm-bioxoi@otenet.gr
Thursday, February 11, 2010
The decedent lived abroad, but left assets in Greece
By Christos ILIOPOULOS*
It’s not uncommon litigation to start in Greece with regards to how an inheritance is settled. The heirs may fight between themselves on how the inheritance is divided and who gets what share. Disputes may arise especially in cases with an international aspect. The deceased may have lived in one country, but his assets are located in another and the heirs may also live in different countries.
In such cases, each heir may try to use the law of the country which suits him/her better, to put forward claims related to the assets of the deceased. If one heir starts a lawsuit action about the division of the inheritance in one country, the courts of that country must first establish that they have international jurisdiction to try this case, which involves the property of the deceased who lived in one country, but left property and heirs in one or more countries.
Thousands of Greeks left Greece decades ago and established themselves in other countries, where they made families and obtained assets, (real estate, movables, bank accounts etc.). These same people very often obtained properties in Greece, too, or inherited properties with assets located in Greece.
When they pass away, their assets, located around the world, may cause disputes among the heirs. Each heir has an interest to use the law of a specific country, in order to increase his/her share on the property.
Take one example: the deceased was born in Greece, but immigrated to Australia. He retained all his life the Greek citizenship, because he never renounced it and there was never issued a ministerial decision in Greece recognizing the loss of his Greek citizenship, despite the fact that the same Greek-born person obtained the Australian citizenship, too.
When he died, he left property in Greece and a dispute has arisen between his heirs on how the Greek property is divided. One of the heirs wants to apply Australian law, since this law may validate the deceased’s Will in its entirety and give him a larger share, even if he is not related to the deceased.
On the other hand, the family of the deceased wants to apply Greek law, as this law recognizes a larger share for the spouse and the children of the deceased (forced share), even if the deceased left a Will without leaving anything to his spouse and children.
The decedent’s children (issue) and the surviving spouse may have a right to bring a lawsuit action before the Greek courts, in order to obtain their forced heirship rights, as immediate family of the deceased. The other heir, who is not related to the deceased, but gets all the property according to the Will, may have an opposing interest, and he/she may file a lawsuit action in the courts of Australia, to get the whole of the inheritance.
For assets located in Greece, the Greek courts have jurisdiction, provided the deceased was a Greek citizen (even if he had double citizenship). The fact that the deceased lived and died outside of Greece is not enough to strip the Greek courts of jurisdiction on how his Greek assets will be divided.
That is the precedence which was followed by ruling No 400/2009 of the Greek Supreme Court (Arios PAgos). In that case, the deceased died outside of Greece. He had lived his life outside of Greece, but left property located in Greece. The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeals in Nafplion ruled that Greek courts did not have jurisdiction.
However, when the case was heard by Arios Pagos, the ruling was different. The Supreme Court decided that the decision of the Court of Appeals in Nafplion had not interpreted the law properly and that in such cases Greek courts had international jurisdiction to try the substance of the case, at least with regards to property located in Greece.
According to Greek law, the surviving spouse, even if left completely out of the Will, in most cases is entitled to claim 1/8 of the decedent’s property. The decedent’s issue (children) are entitled to claim (forced share) 3/8 of the inheritance, which is half of what they would get (3/4) if the deceased had died intestate (without a Will) and always provided the deceased had the Greek citizenship.
Christos ILIOPOULOS, attorney at
the Supreme Court of Greece, LL.M.
e-mail: bm-bioxoi@otenet.gr
It’s not uncommon litigation to start in Greece with regards to how an inheritance is settled. The heirs may fight between themselves on how the inheritance is divided and who gets what share. Disputes may arise especially in cases with an international aspect. The deceased may have lived in one country, but his assets are located in another and the heirs may also live in different countries.
In such cases, each heir may try to use the law of the country which suits him/her better, to put forward claims related to the assets of the deceased. If one heir starts a lawsuit action about the division of the inheritance in one country, the courts of that country must first establish that they have international jurisdiction to try this case, which involves the property of the deceased who lived in one country, but left property and heirs in one or more countries.
Thousands of Greeks left Greece decades ago and established themselves in other countries, where they made families and obtained assets, (real estate, movables, bank accounts etc.). These same people very often obtained properties in Greece, too, or inherited properties with assets located in Greece.
When they pass away, their assets, located around the world, may cause disputes among the heirs. Each heir has an interest to use the law of a specific country, in order to increase his/her share on the property.
Take one example: the deceased was born in Greece, but immigrated to Australia. He retained all his life the Greek citizenship, because he never renounced it and there was never issued a ministerial decision in Greece recognizing the loss of his Greek citizenship, despite the fact that the same Greek-born person obtained the Australian citizenship, too.
When he died, he left property in Greece and a dispute has arisen between his heirs on how the Greek property is divided. One of the heirs wants to apply Australian law, since this law may validate the deceased’s Will in its entirety and give him a larger share, even if he is not related to the deceased.
On the other hand, the family of the deceased wants to apply Greek law, as this law recognizes a larger share for the spouse and the children of the deceased (forced share), even if the deceased left a Will without leaving anything to his spouse and children.
The decedent’s children (issue) and the surviving spouse may have a right to bring a lawsuit action before the Greek courts, in order to obtain their forced heirship rights, as immediate family of the deceased. The other heir, who is not related to the deceased, but gets all the property according to the Will, may have an opposing interest, and he/she may file a lawsuit action in the courts of Australia, to get the whole of the inheritance.
For assets located in Greece, the Greek courts have jurisdiction, provided the deceased was a Greek citizen (even if he had double citizenship). The fact that the deceased lived and died outside of Greece is not enough to strip the Greek courts of jurisdiction on how his Greek assets will be divided.
That is the precedence which was followed by ruling No 400/2009 of the Greek Supreme Court (Arios PAgos). In that case, the deceased died outside of Greece. He had lived his life outside of Greece, but left property located in Greece. The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeals in Nafplion ruled that Greek courts did not have jurisdiction.
However, when the case was heard by Arios Pagos, the ruling was different. The Supreme Court decided that the decision of the Court of Appeals in Nafplion had not interpreted the law properly and that in such cases Greek courts had international jurisdiction to try the substance of the case, at least with regards to property located in Greece.
According to Greek law, the surviving spouse, even if left completely out of the Will, in most cases is entitled to claim 1/8 of the decedent’s property. The decedent’s issue (children) are entitled to claim (forced share) 3/8 of the inheritance, which is half of what they would get (3/4) if the deceased had died intestate (without a Will) and always provided the deceased had the Greek citizenship.
Christos ILIOPOULOS, attorney at
the Supreme Court of Greece, LL.M.
e-mail: bm-bioxoi@otenet.gr
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